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固态电池优势显著,为何迟迟未能大规模落地?

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锂电那些事今日第二条2025年09月09日 星期二


在新能源汽车行业,固态电池始终是被寄予厚望的 “颠覆性技术”。早年间丰田曾公开表示,搭载固态电池的车型续航将突破 1000 公里,充电时间可压缩至 10 分钟 —— 这样的性能足以解决当前电动车续航焦虑与充电慢的核心痛点。然而数年过去,真正量产的固态电池车型屈指可数,且多为 “打折扣” 的半固态产品。那些曾出现在大厂 PPT 中、号称能彻底革新行业的纯固态电池,为何至今仍深陷 “难产” 困境?要解答这个问题,我们需要从电池的底层原理与技术瓶颈说起。

要理解固态电池的困境,首先得搞清楚锂电池的基本构造。无论是传统液态电池还是固态电池,核心都由正极、负极、电解质、隔膜四部分组成,二者的关键区别,就在于 “电解质” 的形态 —— 当前主流的锂电池采用液态电解质(俗称 “电解液”),而固态电池则是将液态电解质替换为固态材料。这种看似简单的 “形态切换”,背后牵扯的是整个电池性能逻辑的重构。

提到电池性能,“能量密度” 是绕不开的核心指标 —— 它直接决定了同等重量下电池能储存多少能量,进而影响车辆续航。想要提升能量密度,核心路径有两条:使用高比能电极材料,或是采用高电压电极材料。而固态电池的优势,恰恰是在这两条路径上突破了液态电池的局限。

先看高比能材料。当前液态电池的负极多采用石墨,其理论比容量仅为 372mA・h/g;而锂电池领域的 “理想负极材料”—— 锂金属,理论比容量高达 3860mA・h/g,是石墨的近 10 倍。若能用上锂金属,电池能量密度将实现质的飞跃。

但液态电池偏偏 “用不了” 锂金属。关键问题在于 “锂枝晶”:锂金属在充电过程中会析出树枝状的晶体,随着充放电次数增加,锂枝晶会不断生长,甚至可能刺穿电池内部的隔膜,导致短路、爆炸;即便未发生短路,锂金属还会与液态电解液发生化学反应,持续消耗电极与电解液,大幅缩短电池寿命。可见,液态电池与高比能的锂金属负极,本质上存在 “兼容性矛盾”。

再看高电压材料。电池能量的计算公式是 “能量 = 容量 × 电压”,提升单体电池电压,同样能提高电池包的整体能量密度。当前主流的磷酸铁锂电池,正极电压约为 3.6V;三元锂电池正极电压稍高,约为 4.2V—— 这也是三元锂能量密度优于磷酸铁锂的原因之一。但液态电池的电压提升存在 “天花板”:其电解液的理论电压上限为 4.5V,一旦超过这个数值,电解液就会分解、产气,引发电池鼓包等安全问题。这意味着,液态电池很难通过 “拔高电压” 进一步突破能量密度。

而固态电池恰好能解决这两大难题:一方面,固态电解质的机械强度高,能有效阻挡锂枝晶生长,让锂金属负极的应用成为可能 —— 仅这一项改进,就能让电池能量密度提升至 400Wh/kg(当前性能最好的液态三元锂电池能量密度约为 255Wh/kg,磷酸铁锂仅为 140-160Wh/kg);另一方面,固态电解质支持更高的电压,搭配高电压正极材料后,能量密度甚至能达到 600Wh/kg。在能量密度上,固态电池的优势几乎是 “碾压级” 的。

除了能量密度,安全性也是固态电池的核心亮点。液态电池内部结构复杂,且材料耐高温性差:电解质与隔膜在 80-130℃时就会开始分解、融化,一旦电池内部温度达到这个区间,就可能引发短路、自燃,因此液态电池对散热系统的要求极高。

固态电池则从根源上改善了安全性:由于电解质变为固态,它不再需要传统液态电池的隔膜与电极固态电解质层,从结构上避免了 “高温短路” 的风险;同时,固态电解质的分解产热温度普遍在 200℃以上,即便发生热失控,自燃概率也远低于液态电池;即便不幸自燃,固态电池释放的热量也远少于液态电池。若固态电池普及,电动车自燃问题将得到极大缓解。

既然固态电池优势如此明显,为何还难以落地?关键在于它仍面临三大核心瓶颈:充放电功率、循环寿命与成本。

首先是充放电功率不足。电动车的充电速度、加速性能,本质上取决于电池的 “充放电功率”(即车企常宣传的 3C、5C、10C 倍率),而功率的核心是 “锂离子在电解质中的移动速度”—— 衡量这一能力的指标是 “离子导电率”,离子导电率越高,充放电功率越强。

但固态电解质的阻抗天生较高,不利于锂离子快速移动。目前固态电池的电解质离子导电率,还不到液态电池的十分之一。打个比方:若液态电池能实现 10C 快充(即 6 分钟充满),固态电池可能连 1C(1 小时充满)都难以达到。对于习惯了 “快充” 的消费者来说,这样的充电速度显然难以接受;而若充放电功率不足,即便是高能量密度,也无法满足电动车的日常使用需求。

其次是循环寿命较短。电池在充放电过程中,电极会不可避免地发生体积膨胀与收缩。液态电池的电解液具有一定 “缓冲性”,能适应这种体积变化;但固态电解质与电极紧密贴合,缺乏缓冲空间 —— 随着充放电次数增加,固态电解质会因电极的体积变化产生裂纹,导致电池性能衰减。

从公开数据来看,当前液态三元锂电池的循环寿命可达 1500 次以上,磷酸铁锂电池更是能超过 2000 次;而计划量产的纯固态电池,循环寿命仅为 700-800 次。这意味着,即便固态电池能提供更长的单次续航,但其整体使用寿命可能更短,反而不符合消费者对 “耐用性” 的需求。

最后是成本居高不下。制约电动车普及的核心因素之一是电池成本,而固态电池的成本更是 “天价”。据相关机构估算,固态电池的材料成本约为 1.5-2.5 元 / Wh;而当前主流的磷酸铁锂电池材料成本低于 0.5 元 / Wh,三元锂电池也仅为 0.6-0.7 元 / Wh—— 也就是说,相同容量下,固态电池的材料成本是液态电池的 2-5 倍。如此高的成本,即便技术再先进,也难以大规模应用于普通家用车型。

正是因为纯固态电池的瓶颈难以突破,当前行业的 “折中方案”—— 半固态电池,成了过渡阶段的主流选择。半固态电池并非完全不用液态电解质,而是将电解液的质量占比从液态电池的 25%,大幅降低至 5%-10%,既保留了部分固态电解质的优势,又规避了纯固态的部分难题。

从性能来看,半固态电池的能量密度能达到 350Wh/kg,比当前最好的液态三元锂电池提升约 37%—— 这也是为何智己 L6、蔚来 ET7 等搭载半固态电池的车型,电池容量能轻松突破 100kWh,续航里程可超过 1000 公里。更重要的是,半固态电池在充放电功率、循环寿命上更接近液态电池,成本也比纯固态低得多,更容易被市场接受。

综上来看,纯固态电池无疑是新能源汽车领域的 “终极目标” 之一,但其当前面临的充放电功率、循环寿命与成本难题,并非短期内能解决,大规模普及仍需漫长的技术积累。而半固态电池作为 “过渡方案”,既能显著提升续航,又能在性能、成本与寿命之间找到平衡,或将在未来 3-5 年内成为市场主流。对于消费者而言,不必过度期待纯固态电池的 “突然降临”,现阶段的半固态电池,或许已是更务实的选择。

           
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来源:锂电那些事
化学汽车新能源裂纹理论爆炸材料装配
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首次发布时间:2025-09-19
最近编辑:4天前
锂电那些事
本科 | 技术总监 锂电设备、工艺和材料技术研发应
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characteristics放电特性discharged ampere-hour放电安时explosion proof test防爆测试auxiliary charge补充电maintenance factor维护率storage characteristics保存特性gas recombinating efficiency气体复合效率/气体再化合效率charge 充电charge acceptance test充电可接受性试验start-of-charge current充电开始电流charge efficiency充电效率end-of-charge voltage充电结束电压specific gravity of electrolyte at the end of charge充电结束时电解液比重charge voltage充电电压charge current充电电流charged watt-hour充电瓦时charge characteristic充电特性charge ampere-hour充电安时deep cycle endurance重负荷循环寿命/重复合寿命weight engergy density重量能量密度rubber pad橡胶垫lower level line下液面线side terminal侧端子collective exhaust unit公共的排放单元sintered plaque烧结极板sintered separator烧结隔板sintered plate烧结极板catalyst plug催化塞spine 芯骨strap 带spacer 隔离物insulating tube绝缘管intercell connector连接线/连接条connector cover连接管盖float mounted plug浮动安装的栓(1)pasted plate (2)grid type plate涂膏式极板braidd tube编织管(1)flame-arrester vent plug (2)flam-retardant vent plug安全塞explosion and splash proof construction防爆防溅结构baffle 保护板pocket type plate袋式极板bottom hole-down底孔向下(固定)bolt fastening terminal螺栓连接端子male blade阳片monoblock container整体槽positive electrode正极positive plate正极板leading wire terminal引线端子retainer mat止动垫片ribbed separator肋隔板(1)jumping wire (2)inter low wire跳线end plate端板filling plug注液塞plante plate形成式极板/普朗特极板tubular plate管式极板low electric resistance separator低电阻隔板tapered terminal post锥形接线柱electrolyte 电解液container 蓄电池槽/蓄电池壳set of container成套蓄电池槽level-scope mounted plug透视塞/透视栓handle 手柄jug 取液管(1)connector;(2)plug concent (1)连接器;(2)插座式连接器connector wire连接线connecting bar连杆connecting bar cover连杆帽lead 引线/连接线edge insulator绝缘卡side frame侧框架battery cubicle蓄电池箱perforated separator多孔隔板burning rod (铅)焊条terminal 端子terminal connector端子连接条terminal cover端子盖terminal base端子座tab 接线片lead bushing铅套corrugated separator波形隔板(1)lead dioxide;(2)lead peroxide (1)二氧化铅;(2)过氧化铅(1)woven separator;(2)nonwoven separator (1)织物隔板;(2)非织物隔板vent hole通气孔exhaust tube排气管antipolar mass反极性物质output cable输出电缆microporous rubber separator微孔像胶隔板specific gravity indicator比重计leaf separator叶片式隔板lid sealing compound密封剂/封口剂sealing gasket密封衬垫/垫圈lid 蓄电池盖set of lid系列的盖方通盖板cover board底板solepiece钢珠steel ball压钢珠press steel ball防爆阀valve preventing explosion大电流(倍率)放电discharge in highrate current标称电压Normal voltage标称容量normal capacity放电容量discharge capacity充电上限电压limited voltage in charge放电下限电压terminating voltage in discharge恒流充电constant current charge恒压充电constant voltage charge恒流放电constant current discharge放电曲线discharge curve充电曲线charge curve放电平台discharge voltage plateau容量衰减capacity attenuation起始容量initial discharge capacity流水线pipelining传送带carrying tape焊极耳welding the current collector卷绕wind叠片layer贴胶带stick tape点焊spot welding超声焊ultrasonic weldingThe terminating voltage in discharge of the battery is 3.0 volt.The limited voltage in charge of the battery is 4.2 volt.三元素Nickle-Cobalt-Manganese Lithium Oxidethree elements materials钴酸锂Cobalt Lithium Oxide锰酸锂Manganese Lithium Oxide石墨graphite烘箱oven真空烘箱vacuum oven搅拌机mixing devicevacuum mixing device涂布机coating equipment裁纸刀paper knife ,,,,,,cutting knife分条机equipment for cutting big piece to much pieces辊压机roll press equipment电阻点焊机spot welding machine超声点焊机ultrasonic spot welding machine卷绕机winder自动叠片机auto laminating machine激光焊机laser welding machine注液机infusing machine真空注液机vacuum infusion machine预充柜pre-charge equipment化成柜formation systems分容柜grading systems测试柜testing systems内阻仪battery inner resistance tester万用表multimeter转盘式真空封口机turntable type vacuum sealing machine自动冲膜机automatic aluminum membrane shaper序号首字母英文中文1 A aging老化2 B battery charger充电器3 black-fleck黑斑4 C cap盖板5 capacity density能量密度6 capacity grading分容7 cathode tab welding极耳超焊8cell 电芯9 charge(capacity) retention荷电(容量)保持10 checking code检码11 concave spot凹点12 constant current charge恒流充电13 constant current discharge恒流放电14 constant voltage charge恒压充电15 corrective measures纠正措施16 crack裂纹17 cut-off voltage终止电压18 cyclelife 循环寿命19 D dark trace暗痕20 degrade降级21 dent凹痕22 discharge depth放电深度23 distortion变形24 drape打折25 E Electrical and MechanicalServices Department机电部26 electrolyte电解,电解液27 empaistic压纹28 end-off voltage放电截止电压29 environmentally friendly对环境友好30 equipment first inspection设备首检31 erode腐蚀32 explosion-proof line防爆线33 F first inspection首检34 formation化成35 fracture断裂36 I inspection检验37 insulate绝缘38 internal resistance内阻39 J jellyroll卷芯40 joint接缝,结合点41 L laser deflecting偏光42laser reticle激光刻线43 laser welding-flatwise weld激光焊接-平焊laser welding-standing weld激光焊接-立焊44 leakage漏液45 leak-checking测漏46 leaving out of welding漏焊47 limited charge voltage充电限制电压48 local action自放电49 M margin turnly翘边50 measuring thedimension of cells电芯卡尺寸51 meet requirement达到要求52 memory effects记忆效应53 N nick划痕54 nominal voltage标称电压55 notice-board confirmation看板确认56 nugget硬块57 O obverse正面58 open circuit voltage开路电压59 over charge过充60 over discharge过放61 over the thickness超厚62 P particle颗粒63 PE membrane PE膜64 pit坑点65 placing cells into the box电芯装盒66 point inspection点检67 preventive measures预防措施68 pricking the tapes扎孔69 process inspection制程检验70 put the battery piled up将电芯叠放在一起71 Q qualified products合格品72 quality assurance质量保证73 quality control质量控制74 quality improvement质量改进75 quality match品质配对76 quality planning质量策划77 R rated capacity额定容量78 recharge再充电79 refitting the can of cell电芯壳口整形80 requirment要求81 reverse背面,反面82 rework返工83ringing cells into pyrocondensation films套热缩膜84 S safety vent安全阀85 sand aperture砂眼86 scar疤痕87 secondary battery二次电池88 select appearance选外观sharp-set 批锋89 short circuit checking测短路90 s mudginess污物91 spot welding by laser激光点焊92 spot weldingplace 点焊位置93 spraying the code喷码94 spur毛刺95 sticking the PVC cover boards贴面垫96 storing陈化97 storing with high voltage高压储存98 T tabs deflection极耳歪斜99 tabs excursion极耳错位100 technics requiment工艺要求101 U ultrasonic welding超声波焊接102 ultrasonic welding strength超焊强度103 unqualified products不合格品104 W wave波浪105 working procedure工序Voltage:Units of measuring electrical current, all batteries are rated in volts DC. (DirectCurrent). This determines how much energy is needed to power your equipment.Voltage plateau:(电压平台)A slow decrease in voltage over a long period of time. As a rule, the plateau extends from the first voltage drop at the start of the discharge to the bend of the curveafter which the voltage drops rapidly at the end.Nominal Voltage(标称电压)The voltage of a battery, as specified by the manufacturer, discharging at a specified rate and temperature.Working voltage(工作电压)The working voltage of a cell or battery begins at its electrical connections assoon as an electrical consumer is connected to it.Discharging voltage, average voltage (放电电压)The average discharging voltage is the average value of the discharging voltageduring the entire discharging process with a related discharging current.Open circuit voltage (OCV开路电压)The voltage of a battery when there is no current flowing.Closed-Circuit Voltage (CCV闭路电压)The potential or voltage of a battery when it is discharging or charging.State of charge:The rate of charge capacity vs. whole capacity.Initial voltage(起始电压)A battery's initial voltage is the working voltage when discharging begins.End-point voltage (End voltage, Cutoff voltage, Final voltage)截止电压Specified closed circuit voltage at which a service output test is terminated.End-of-discharge voltageThe battery voltage when discharge is terminated.End-of-charge voltageThe battery voltage when charge is terminated.Cutoff voltage (V)The battery voltage at which charge or discharge is terminated.Definition: Capacity(容量)? The capacity of a cell is definedas how manymilli-amp-hours (mAh) of current the cell canstore and subsequently deliver.? One milli-amp (mA) is 1/1000th of an Amp. Somelarger cell capacities are expressed in Amp-hours(Ah).? “Rated capacity” is varies with discharge rate,temperature, and cutoff voltage.? Rated capacity is different from power or energy? Example:? If a cell is rated at 1000 mAh, then it can deliverthe following:? 1000 mA of current for 1 hour? 500 mA of current for 2 hours? 200 mA of current for 5 hours? 2000mA of current for 1/2 hourDefinition: Energy Density(能量密度,包括体积比能量和质量比能量)? The energy density of a cell is a measure of howmuch energy can be stored in the cell per unitvolume or per unit weight.? E (watt-hours) = cell voltage x capacity rating? Energy density per unit volume is called the“volumetric energy density” and is expressed interms of watt-hours/liter (wh/l).? Energy density per unit weight is called the“gravimetric energy density” and is expressedin terms of watt-hours/kilogram (wh/kg).? These measurements are useful when you aretrying to determine which cell has the mostcapacity per unit volume or weight.1.Self Discharge自放电2.Uniformity of the Li-ion Batteries锂离子电池的一致性3.steel strap钢带4.Burst vent防爆阀5.Filling port注液孔6.spirally wound type cylindrical wound type圆柱形7.foil 箔8.parallel-plate pris matic design方形叠片式设计Ageing (老化)-Permanent loss of capacity with frequent use orthe passage of time due to unwanted irreversible chemical reactions in the cell.Anode (阳极)-The electrode in an electrochemical cell where oxidation takes place, releasing electrons.During discharge the negative electrode of the cell is the anode.During charge the situation reverses and the positive electrode of the cell is theanode.Cathode(阴极)-The electrode in an electrochemical cell where reduction takesplace, gaining electrons.During discharge the positive electrode of the cell is the cathode. During chargethe situation reverses andthe negative electrode of the cell is thecathode.Cycle (循环)-A single charge and discharge of a battery.Depth of discharge DOD(放电深度)-The ratio of the quantity of electricity orcharge removed from a cell on discharge to its rated capacity.Internal impedance(交流内阻)-Resistance to the flow of AC current within a cell. It takes into account the capacitive effect of the plates forming the electrodes.Internal resistance(直流内阻)-Resistance to the flow of DC electric current within a cell,causing a voltage drop across the cell in closed circuit proportional to the current drain from the cell.A low internal impedance is usually required for a high rate cell.锂离子电池的内阻英语概念到底用哪个概念,是Internal resistance还是Internal impedance,一些电池说明书内阻用Internal resistance,也有的用Internal impedance,我认为Internal impedance较好些,因为国内测的电池内阻基本都是交流内阻,而外文也有这样定义的(我在别的帖子也粘贴过):Internal impedance(交流内阻)-Resistance to the flow of AC current within a cell. It takes into account the capacitive effect of the plates forming the electrodes.Internal resistance(直流内阻)-Resistance to the flow of DC electric current within a cell,causing a voltage drop across the cell in closed circuit proportional to the current drain from the cell.A low internal impedance is usually required for a high rate cell.在IEC6196002中,只定义为Internal resistance,而用交流的方法测得的内阻,叫Internal a.c. resistance(交流内阻)用直流的方法测得的内阻,叫Internal d.c. resistance(直流内阻),其实Internal a.c. resistance 测得就是阻抗,这样看来不如用Internal impedance(交流内阻)和Internal resistance(直流内阻)这两个概念把它们进行分清,以免混淆。Alkaline batteries:碱性电池Capacitor batteries:电容电池Carbon zinc batteries:碳锌电池Lead acid batteries:铅酸电池Lead calcium batteries:铅钙电池Lithium batteries:锂电池Lithium ion batteries:锂离子电池Lithium polymer batteries:锂聚合物电池Nickel cadmium batteries:镍镉电池Nickel iron batteries:镍铁电池Nickel metal hydride batteries:金属氧化物镍氢电池/镍氢电池Nickel zinc batteries:镍锌电池Primary batteries:原电池Rechargeable batteries:充电电池Sealed lead acid batteries:密封铅酸电池Silver cadmium batteries:银钙电池Silver oxide batteries:银氧化物电池Silver zinc batteries:银锌电池Zinc chloride batteries:银氯化物电池Zinc air batteries:锌空电池Environmental Protection batteries:环保电池 锂电那些事免责声明 本公 众号部分内容来源于网络平台,小编整理,仅供学习与交流,非商业用途!对文中观点判断均保持中立,版权归原作者所有,如有报道错误或侵权,请尽快私信联系我们,我们会立即做出修正或删除处理。谢谢! 来源:锂电那些事

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