论文:Data enhancement for generative AI design of shear wall structures incorporating structural optimization and diffusion models
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太长不看版
生成式结构设计的核心思路是AI可以从图纸中学习设计经验。然而,实际收集到的人工设计图纸往往质量良莠不齐,严重影响了生成式AI的学习效果。因此,我们提出:先全面优化设计图纸,提升训练集的数据质量,再让AI学习。通过结构优化得到高质量的设计图纸,训练出高质量的AI模型,从而生成高质量的设计结果。
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研究背景
课题组前期提出了系列基于生成式AI的建筑结构智能设计方法(生成对抗网络、图神经网络、扩散模型等),其核心思路都是让生成式AI学习既有图纸、文本中的设计经验,而后用户给定户型布置图和设计条件后,AI生成结构布置图。从而实现从无到有、从零到一的结构设计智能生成。
我们知道,AI的性能高度依赖于训练数据的质量。在前期的工作中,我们从不同渠道收集了大量人工设计的图纸,作为训练数据。然而,收集到的数据往往质量良莠不齐,低质量数据会给AI带来不利影响。这就好比学生学习的教案都有错误,自然没法写对作业。同时,既有的数据清洗技术主要关注图像、文本、表格、时序数据等通用数据,难以直接适用于高度专业化的结构设计数据。
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数据增强的生成式结构设计工作流
对此,我们提出了数据增强的生成式结构设计工作流,包括数据准备、数据增强、模型训练、模型预测与评估四个模块。相比传统工作流有三点改进,一是在数据准备中通过回归公式补充缺失的设计信息,得到完整信息;二是在数据增强中引入结构优化,提升设计数据质量,使其更加安全和经济;三是在模型评估中根据精细有限元得到设计指标(而非传统的IoU等相似性指标),进行更全面与合理的评价。
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数据集与回归分析
以课题组研究较为充分的剪力墙结构为例开展数据增强研究。首先,构建了一个包含三百多个案例的剪力墙结构设计数据集。训练集包括设计条件、建筑设计、结构设计,用于训练扩散模型;还包括每个标准层的剪力墙厚度,材料等级,层高等必要设计信息,用于构建回归模型。测试集仅包括设计条件和建筑设计,用于测试模型。
目前,扩散模型等生成式AI仅关注剪力墙设计的核心部分——剪力墙布置。而要形成一个完整的设计方案,从而开展建模计算和优化,需要补充其他的必要设计信息。例如标准层的数量和划分,层高,材料等级等。我们对收集到的设计数据进行了统计分析和回归分析,从而确定了上述参数的初始取值。
类似地,对于连梁和框架梁的高度,我们统计了三千多根梁,结合跨高比要求和统计得到的高度范围,给出了初始设计阶段,梁高的确定公式。
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基于结构优化的设计数据质量增强
为了对剪力墙设计数据进行质量提升,我们提出了一套结构优化算法。通过调整剪力墙长度,使设计方案满足合规性和经济性要求。具体而言,基于K-Means聚类算法,显著减少了优化变量的数量;通过合理的罚函数设置,同时考虑了多个关键的力学响应指标和材料成本指标。
在优化算法方面,采用了YJK-GAMA的Online Learning,这是一种有效的代理辅助进化算法。为了确定算法的超参数,选取了8个典型的剪力墙结构案例,开展了优化试算。考察了有限元计算次数与罚函数下降的关系,发现当有限元计算次数为100时能够最好地达到优化效果与耗时的平衡。
这里给出了3个典型的训练数据,优化前存在多种问题、数据质量低,优化后在位移角、剪重比、扭转周期比等方面合规性提升,或者材料用量减少。
总体上看,开展结构优化之后,训练集的数据质量明显提升。原来不合规的案例,力学罚函数平均降低14%;原来已合规的案例,材料用量平均降低3%。
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基于扩散模型的生成式结构设计
基于增强后的数据集,训练了一个生成式AI。我们采用了课题组前期提出的扩散模型(Diffusion Model智能设计原理揭秘 | 论文和发明专利:基于扩散模型的剪力墙结构智能设计),根据建筑布置和设计条件来生成初步的剪力墙布置设计。相比生成对抗网络、变分自编码器等传统生成式AI,扩散模型能够生成更加高质量和多样化的结果。
对照实验表明,优质数据带来了测试集上AI设计质量的提升,原本不合规的案例,力学罚函数平均降低23%;原本已合规的案例,材料用量平均降低0.5%。
可以发现,材料用量的降低相比力学罚函数并不明显,这是因为设计中要优先满足安全性,然后才能考虑经济性。
典型案例研究表明,采用了本研究提出的数据增强方法之后,AI设计的合规性和经济性均有提升。左图案例的力学响应从位移角不合规变为合规,右图案例的材料用量节省了2.3%。可见优质的训练数据确实带来了更优质的AI设计。
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结语
针对生成式结构设计普遍面临的数据质量问题,本研究提出了基于结构优化的数据增强方法,成功应用于基于扩散模型的剪力墙布置设计。通过提升用于训练AI的设计数据的质量,提高了AI设计的水平。本研究是对“AI+优化”的又一次尝试,尚存在诸多不足,欢迎各位专家批评指正!
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来源:陆新征课题组